Xylazine, the active ingredient in an FDA-approved veterinary drug used as a sedative and analgesic, is increasingly found in the illicit drug supply, primarily in combination with fentanyl, but also mixed with other opioids and stimulants. This report summarizes findings of a public meeting that explored real-world experiences and scientific evidence on emerging data trends for human xylazine exposure, as well as strategies for drug development and clinical research that would mitigate risks associated with human exposure to xylazine.